Biblical (and related) Historical Dates

http://thetruth-blog.blogspot.sg/2010/09/why-do-we-speak-so-many-different.html
Biblical (and related) Historical Dates http://www.bccmnm.org/webpages/Biblical_Historical_Dates.html 2165 B.C. -- birth of Abraham (Abram).
2155 B.C. -- birth of Sarah (Sarai).
2090 B.C. -- Abram enters Canaan.
2079 B.C. -- birth of Ishmael.
2066 B.C. -- God destroys four of the five "cities of the plain" (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim) by raining brimstone and fire upon them because of their sinfulness. (Genesis 18:20-19:29)
2065 B.C. -- birth of Isaac.
2028 B.C. -- death of Sarah at the age of 127. (Genesis 23:1)
2025 B.C. -- Isaac marries Rebekah.
2005 B.C. -- birth of Esau and Jacob.
1990 B.C. -- death of Abraham at the age of 175. (Genesis 25:7)
1942 B.C. -- death of Ishmael at the age of 137. (Genesis 25:17)
1914 B.C. -- birth of Joseph.
1885 B.C. -- death of Isaac at the age of 180. (Genesis 35:28)
1804 B.C. -- death of Joseph at the age of 110. (Genesis 50:26)
1525 B.C. -- birth of Moses.
1485 B.C. -- Moses kills an Egyptian and flees to the land of Midian.
1484 B.C. -- birth of Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, the Kenizite.
1445 B.C. -- the Israelite Exodus from Egypt, and the year that Moses receives the commandments for the Old Covenant from God on Mount Sinai.
1444 B.C. -- the Israelites reach the promised land, the land of Canaan, but refuse to go in, so God sentences them to wander 40 years in the wilderness until all the adults--except for Joshua and Caleb and their families--die. (They received a one-year credit for "time served" because they had already been in the wilderness for one year on their way to the promised land.)
1405 B.C. -- death of Moses at the age of 120 (Deuteronomy 34:7), and the year that the children of Israel cross the Jordan River and enter the land of Canaan.
605 B.C. -- Nebuchadnezzar II (Nebuchadrezzar II) of Babylonia invades Judah and takes a number of Jews captive to Babylon, Babylonia, including Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah (This is known as the first deportation.), thus signifying the beginning of the Babylonian Captivity.
601 B.C. -- Babylonia attacks Egypt.
597 B.C. -- the second deportation of Jews from Judah to Babylon, Babylonia.
587 B.C. -- the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple, and the third deportation of Jews from Judah to Babylon, Babylonia.
582 B.C. -- the fourth deportation of Jews from Judah to Babylon, Babylonia.
568 B.C. -- Babylonia attacks Egypt.
562 B.C. -- King Nebuchadnezzar II dies and Evil-Merodach (Amel-Marduk), the son of Nebuchadnezzar II, begins to reign.
560 B.C. -- King Evil-Merodach dies and Nergal-Sharezer (Nergal-Sarezer, Nergal-shar-usur, Nariglissar), the husband of Nebuchadnezzar II's daughter, ?, begins to reign.
556 B.C. -- King Nergal-Sharezer dies and Labashi-Marduk, the son of Nergal-Sharezer, begins to reign and reigns for 9 months.
556 B.C. -- King Labashi-Marduk dies and Nabonidus (Nabunaid), the husband of Nebuchadnezzar II's daughter, Nitocris, begins to reign.
553 B.C. -- Belshazzar (Bel-shar-usus), the oldest son of King Nabonidus, begins to reign with his father.
539 B.C. -- King Cyrus II (the Great, the Persian), the king of the Persian empire, the son of Cambyses I, conquers Babylon (by his general, Ugbaru, because he, himself, did not arrive until about 2½ weeks later), killing King Belshazzar in the process, and appoints 62-year-old Darius the Mede (Median), the son of Ahasuerus, as the king of Babylon under him.  (King Darius the Mede is not to be confused with Ugbaru (Gubaru or Gobryas), the former Guti governor of Gutium, who was Cyrus the Great's general and who died about 3½ weeks after conquering Babylon.)
535 B.C. -- the first group of Jews return to Judah from Babylon, thus signifying the end of the Babylonian Captivity.
6 B.C. -- Jesus is born in Bethlehem, Judea, Israel on or about the first day of autumn.  (Tishri 1st on the Jewish calendar.)
8 -- Jesus, at the age of 12½, stays behind at Jerusalem after the Feast of Passover, without telling His parents.
29 -- Jesus, at the age of 33½, is crucified, dies, is buried, and raised from the dead.
66 -- the Jews rise up in rebellion to Rome.
70 -- the Romans finally quell the rebellion (win the war) and destroy and burn Jerusalem and the temple and take tens of thousands of Jews (including some Christian Jews) to Rome as slaves.
79 -- Mount Vesuvius, on the western coast of the nation of Italy, erupts and the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii are destroyed. This was God’s judgment on these cities because of their wickedness. Archeologists have found abundant evidence in the ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii of the sin and iniquity that they were involved in. This was very similar to what happened to the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah in 2066 B.C. (Genesis 18:20-19:29), when they were destroyed because of their sinfulness.
313 -- the Roman emperor Constantine founds the Roman Catholic Church and becomes its first pope. Pope Constantine presides over the Roman Catholic Church until his death in 337, and is succeeded by the second pope, Pope Julius I, who is pope from 337 to 352.
321 -- the Edict of Constantine.
325 -- the first Council of Nicea.
354 -- the Roman Catholic Church and Pope Liberius (the third pope of the Roman Catholic Church) choose the date of December 25th for the celebration of Jesus' birth.
476 -- the Western Roman Empire falls, thus signifying the beginning of the Dark Ages.
1200 -- the approximate year that the Bible is divided into chapters.
1254 -- the Roman Catholic Church and Pope Innocent IV (the 167th pope of the Roman Catholic Church) officially formulate the (false) doctrine of purgatory.
1450 -- Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press (with movable type) in Mainz, Germany.
1453 -- Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire (the Byzantium Empire) fall, thus signifying the end of the Dark Ages.
1456 -- the Gutenberg Bible (a.k.a. the Mazarin Bible or the 42-Line Bible), the first book produced on a printing press (with movable type), is printed in Latin.
1517 -- Martin Luther affixes his 95 theses to the castle church door of the University of Wittenberg, in Wittenberg, Saxony, Germany, on October 31st, thus signifying the beginning of the Reformation.
1551 -- the New Testament is divided into verses.
1560 -- the Old Testament is divided into verses.
1603 -- Queen Elizabeth I dies and King James I succeeds to the throne of England.
1604 -- the Christians (many of which were Puritans) request of King James I that a new English translation of the Bible be made.
1604 -- translation begins on the Authorized Version (the King James Version) of the Bible under the order of King James I.
1611 -- the Authorized Version (the King James Version) of the Bible is finished being translated from the Masoretic Text (the Old Testament) and Textus Receptus (the New Testament) and is published.
1965 -- After reading a chapter of a manuscript of her husband’s book entitled “World Aflame” that described the sinful conditions of America, Ruth Graham says to Billy, “If God doesn’t judge America, He’s going to have to apologize to Sodom and Gomorrah.”
1988 -- Batavia Christian Center / Matthew Norville Ministries is founded in Batavia, Illinois, U.S.A., and holds its first service on Sunday, June 5th.home page

http://www.montessorimaterials.org/History/bronzeage2.pdf

Exodus and Judges 1526BC to 1030BC King Saul

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1 Kings 6:1 - in the four hundred and eightieth year, in the  fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel,

One of the ways to check Biblical Dates and the 777th Calendar is to use the markers in the scriptures to verify them correctly.

1526 - Exodus from Egypt                              40 years in the wilderness

1486 - Entry into the Land, Jubilee                  7 years Wars of Yahweh

1479 - Transfer from Joshua to Eleazar       10 years

1469 - Death of Joshua at 110                        2 years

1467 - 1st servitude under Mesopotemia                                             8 years Judges 3:8

1459 - Judge Othniel                                      40 years Judges 3:11

1419 - 2nd servitude under Moab                                                        18 years Judges 3:14

1401 - Judge Ehud                                         80 years Judges 3:30

1321 - 3rd servitude under Canaan                                                     20 years Judges 4:3

1301 - Judge Barack                                     40 years Judges 5:31

1261 - 4th servitude under Midian                                                          7 years Judges 6:1

1254 - Judge Gideon                                     40 years Judges 8:28

1214 - Judge Tola                                          23 years Judges 10:3

1191 - Judge Jair                                             4 years

1187 - Judge Jephtah                                      6 years Judges 12:7

1181 - Judge Ibzan                                           7 years Judges 12:9

1174 - Judge Elon                                          10 years Judges 12:11

1164 - Judge Abdon                                        8 years Judges 12:14

1156 - 5th servitude Philistines (Samson)                                          40 years Judges 13:1

1116 - Judge Eli                                               40 years

1076 - Judge Samuel                                      40 years

1036 - King Saul, 1st King                              10 years

Very important: Book of Judges against ancient history background

https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=hFnC61c-7LEC&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=mittani+cushan&source=bl&ots=aoPy-6VVO7&sig=Ozgb1_iqNqjSorrYSHC-XFkYSBM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dHS-VIOBGYi68gWJ7oDwCw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mittani%20cushan&f=false

Do read it and make comparison

Gutium and Tirikum

The Battle of Sodom was fought between Chedorlaomer I, King of Elam and his allies (Sukkal Anshan Humban-Shutur III and La'ibum I of Warahshe) against the Five cities of the plain. The war was started under the leadership of Rabel, King of Sodom, in an effort to free the cities from taxation and vassalage imposed on them by Elam.

Kedorlaomer king of Elam, Tidal king of Goyim, Amraphel king of Shinar and

14 At the time when Amraphel was king of Shinar,^[a] Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorlaomer king of Elam and Tidal king of Goyim, ² these kings went to war against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboyim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar). ³ All these latter kings joined forces in the Valley of Siddim (that is, the Dead Sea Valley). 

Gutium Kingdom of Arrapha

Gutian Dynasty (2083-1992 BC)

Gutian Dynasty was once dated as early as c.3567-?, but is now dated 2083-1992 BC. The land of Guti appears to have taken its name from Guti its national god. The Guti were a mountainous tribe to the east of the lower Zab, inhabiting the upper section of the region watered by the Adhaim and the Diyala rivers. The dynasty of Akkad was succeeded by another with its capital at Erech in the south, which was short-lived. The people of Gutium took revenge for their long subjection to Accad and Uruk by ravaging the cities under their king, Erridu-pizir. The Akkadian empire probably collapsed under pressure of Gutian invaders from the east. Whether they ruled from their own capital, Arrapcha, or chose one of the great cities of Babylonia as seat of government, is unknown, as is the duration of the dynasty. It is not impossible that it lasted for centuries, as the Kassite rule at a subsequent period. There is no list of rulers, but Iiasium, Lasirab, and the last of the kings, Tirikan, are referred to in inscriptions.

Sargon of Akkad repeatedly marched against the country of Gu-ti-umkl or Ku-ti-umk, even capturing King Sdrla-ak. Under Sargon I of Akkad the Guti became so troublesome that the Babylonian king had to fight against them in several campaigns. He evidently defeated them so thoroughly that for some time they ceased their raids upon his provinces. NaramSin of Akkad appears indeed to have surpassed all of his predecessors in opening up new fields of conquest, particularly to the northeast and to the southwest. His father had crossed arms with a strong mountainous group known as the Guti, and succeeded in capturing their king, Sharlak. It was left to the son, however, to follow up this movement by more systematic endeavors and on a larger scale to bring various of the groups in these distant, forbidding regions, so difficult of access, to subjection.

But soon the Guti rallied, attacked the country anew and apparently immediately after Naram-Sin's death, or even towards the end of his government, they carried their arms victoriously into Babylonia itself, first establishing themselves in the north, where under Lasirab, who calls himself only "king of (the) Guti," they conquered Sippar.

After his successful overthrow of the ruling ancient dynasty, Erridu-pizir, following in the footsteps of Naram-Sin, assumed the additional and much more significant title, "king of the four quarters of the world." Erridu-pizir, king of the Guti, was in the possession of Nippur and sat on the throne of Babylonia; for he calls himself several times in an inscription: E-ir-ri-du-pi-zi-ir (once writen En-ri-da-pi-zi-ir), da-num, sar Gu-ti-im U ki-ib-ratim ar-ba-im, "En(r)ridu(a)pizir, the powerful one, king of (the) Guti and of the four quarters of the world." Under Erridu-pizir they took possession of Nippur and subdued the whole of Babylonia, at the same time sacking many of her famous cities and temples.

This period of utter ruin and devastation is depicted in a number of beautiful Sumerian hymns, prayers and lamentation songs from the second dynasty of Ur in the Temple Library of Nippur. It doubtless also was during this first invasion of the Guti that the statue of the goddess Ishtar, referred to in a late text of the British Museum, was carried off by these ruthless barbarians, whose hand lay heavily upon the conquered nation.

The most interesting historical fact is the complete domination of the country by the Semitic Kingdom of Guti, which lay to the east of the lower Zab. The Gutian invasion led to the subjugation of both North and South Babylonia, and there can be little doubt that Elam itself acknowledged the suzerainty of these vigorous rulers, who had long been established in the mountainous regions upon their western border.

The invasion of Babylonia by the Semitic kingdom of Guti to the east of the Lower Zab, which is attested by the King List, is an event of the first importance. The puzzling stele of victory found at Lagash, on which Semites are depicted slaying Semites, may well commemorate the event. Moreover, there is proof that the invasion was followed by a complete domination of Babylonia for some considerable time. The ceremonial mace-head of Lasirab, King of Guti, which was found at Sippar, is evidence in point, as also is the text of Erridu-pizir, King of Guti, from Nippur. From a text found at Jokha it is known that Lugal-annatum, patesi of Umma, owed allegiance to Sium, King of Guti.

The domination of these Gutian Semites was brought to an end by the valor of Utukhegal, King of Erech, who captured and defeated the Gutian King. Utuchegal, who succeeds in driving the Guti out of the country," gave a vivid picture of the ravages committed. He calls the Guti "the dragon of the mountains, the enemy of the gods," and described how they tore the wives away from their husbands, robbing parents of their children and spreading devastation on all sides. Such invasions of semi-barbarous groups from the northwest and northeast were destined to repeat themselves frequently in the course of Babylonian-Assyrian history and inflicted a serious check to the advance of the Euphratean culture, though on the other hand they lead fierce tribes to take on at least a veneer of culture through contact with a higher civilization. Tribute was no doubt exacted from the conquered groups, and relationships were maintained with Magan and Melucha to the extent of procuring stones and metals from these rich districts; but the control over such sections as Subartu and the more distant settlements of the Amorites could at most have been nominal. The more direct result was the check given to the advance of the Semites, and another period of 250 years elapsed before the latter were strong enough again to risk a passage of arms with the Sumerians.

Utu-khegal, King of Erech, records how he overcame "Guti, the dragon of the mountain," defeating and capturing Tirikan, its king, after having sought the assistance of the great Babylonian gods in their shrines upon his line of march. His success marked the first wave of a Sumerian reaction, and was followed up not long afterwards by the establishment of the powerful Dynasty of Ur. The sovereignty of Sumer was not regained until Utu-Hegal of Uruk (c. 2123-2113 BC) routed the Gutians, and Ur-Nammu, the governor of Ur (2112-2095 BC), asserted the independence of his city and founded the Third Dynasty of Ur.

Middle Kingdom of Abraham, Joseph and Israel

I N D E X     V	B C E	Middle Kingdom   2040-1786 BCE	sources

website source links ae     bk     frie    ktut     lveg     nar phou     pic     resh     scar     tig toureg     wik20     wik19     wikP

c.2040

FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD from 2181 ends. 10th DYNASTY at Heracleopolis from 2130 is conquered by MENTUHOTEP-I, rebel king at Thebes from 2060, thus becoming MENTUHOTEP-II of Egypt until 2010.

2052 Sdl 1-23     2040 BHoE, B76 6-469, MCAW, FHBC 208, GEoP, Grim

c.2040	MIDDLE KINGDOM begins until 1786. 11th DYNASTY begins as pharaohs until 1991. EGYPT, divided from 2160, reunited until 1750.   Capital: THEBES until 1990.	2160 BHoE 598     2133 CAH 1.2 2040 B76 6-469, FHBC 213, Grim, PW 14, TAWH 58, WCBOT 2025 Sdl 1-23    2000 RAH, SOTS 25 1991 LEWH 38;    1989 FLAP 81
c.2026	Rebellion at THINIS.	yr 14 Shaw 134, 139

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Photo by Olaf Tausch

c.2010

MENTUHOTEP-II, king of Thebes from 2060, Pharaoh of Egypt from 2040, dies.  His tomb in the cliff at Deir el-Bahri on the west bank of Thebes may not have had a pyramid, as in the reconstruction on the left. MENTUHOTEP-III succeeds to 1998.

2014 DMoN     2010 MCAW 19, MRDK, ae, ktut, pic, resh, wikP    2009 Grim     2004 Shaw, toureg 1999 nar     1998 Clay, scar, tig 1995 wikM2     1992 phou

c.2000	Rulers are entombed on edge of desert near pyramids.	-
c.2000	BRONZE, common in the Mid East, only now becomes common in Egypt.	2000 SHT 1-588
c.2000	Polished stone axheads mostly superceded by bronze.	2000 SHT 1-503

c.2000

KHNUMHOTEP-II, Overseer of the Eastern Desert, a high official of Oryx, has a well preserved and informative tomb (#3 of the 39 tombs at Beni Hasan).

early 12th dyn:wikBH

Photo by NebMaatRa

c.2000	Caravan of "Asiatics" portrayed in tomb of Khnumhotep-2.	1900 wikHk 1892 wljv
c.2000	DYEING of linen and leather is an individual craft and temple industry.  Urine is used to dissolve the dye.	2000 SHT 1-248-9

c.2000

OIL LAMPS begin in Egypt, using castor oil at first. (See Europe 2000, Crete 1500)

4000 epld 1300 EOET 133

c.2000

LOOM V portrayed in Assyrian and Egyptian murals in tomb of Khnumhotep-II.

2000 TTT

c.2000

SHADUF V - a long pole balanced on a pivot with a bucket on one end and a counter-weight on the other - used to lift water in Egypt and Mesopotamia.

2000 TTT, wikSdf 1700 rgnms 1500 B76 11-232

c.2000

BALANCE SCALE V used in Egypt and Mesopotamia.

2000 TTT

c.2000

BEER V, in Egypt from ?, has laws governing manufacture, sale and consumption. (See Gilgamish 2000)

2000 prtmt

c.2000

DRILL turned by a bow is used to make holes in stone.

2000 TTT

c.2000	CONTRACEPTIVES V (honey & crocodile dung) introduced.	2000 TTS, TTT
c.2000	Pointed BATTERING RAM operated from a portable hut covered with reeds and hides.	2000 CWH, TTT
c.2000	DOGS bred into diverse forms.	2000 CWH

c.2000	Oldest Egyptian SHOE V is a sandal made of braded papyrus found in a tomb.	2000 EOET 294, TTT
c.2000	Egyptians abandon effort to domesticate antelope, gazelle, & oryx.   Devote more time to hunting, fishing, gathering to supplement cultivated crops.	2000 TTPC-5

c.2000

Solid WHEEL V carts and wagons appear in Egypt. (See Europe, Asia, Crete, Syria, also in 2000, and Anatolia 1800)

1650 MCAW 25 1600 B76 5-970, SHT 211

c.2000

SPOKED WHEELS (4 spokes until 1300) appear in Egypt, Aram, Asia, and Mesopotamia.   (See Europe 1500, Crete 1500)

2000 B76 X-643     1600 TTT soon after 1600 SHT 1-212

c.2000	Tomb (TT60) of Antefoker (Intefiqer), Vizir of Senusret-I, has pictures of a clay oven with a grate on which is a tray for food.	2000 SHT 1-273 no date: wikTT60
c.2000	DATE-WINE is the most popular liquor.  Juice is pressed from soaked dates, and fermented by the wild yeast in the date skins.	2000 SHT 1-276
c.2000	SAFFLOWER seeds stored in Theban tombs.	2000 SHT 1-246

c.1998

MENTUHOTEP-III, 2nd pharaoh of 11th (Theban) Dyn from 2010, ends.  His burial place is disputed. MENTUHOTEP-IV succeeds 1997-91.

2001 DMoN     1998 MRDK 286, ae, ktut,lveg, pic, resh, swar, wikP 1992 Shaw, toureg     1991 Clay, scar,tig 1987 nar     1985 phou

c.1997

MENTUHOTEP-IV, 3rd Pharaoh of 11th (Theban) Dyn 1997-91, consolidates southern commerce under control of chief treasurer, Henu, with title: "keeper of the door of the south".

no date: BHoE 153, 182

c.1996

AMENEMHET, vizir and governor of south for Mentuhotep-IV, secures route to quaries of Wadi Hammamat, between Coptos and Red Sea, to get stone for king's sarcophagus, establishes 15 watering stations from Coptos to Red Sea, trades by ship with PUNT (unknown location to southeast).

yr 2 DMoN no date: BCoC 153, 182

c.1991

MENTUHOTEP-IV, 3rd Pharaoh of 11th (Theban) Dyn from 1998, ends.  Burial place onknown.  Vizir AMENEMHET-I succeeds to 1962.

1994 DMoN     1991 B76 6-469, FHBC 209, Grim, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, WCBOT 31, WPOT 84, ae, bk, ktut, lveg,pic, resh, swar, wikP     1989 FLAP 126 1987 toureg     1985 Shaw     1983 nar

c.1991	11th DYNASTY from 2060, from 2040 as pharaohs, ends.	1994 DMoN     1991 AYGC 61, B76 6-469, CAH 1.2, Clay, FHBC 209, GEoP, Grim, lveg, MRDK 286, WCBOT 31, WPOT 84, ae, ktut, pic, resh, swar, tig,wikP     1989 FLAP 126    1987 toureg 1985 Shaw, phou     1983 nar
	12th DYNASTY begins until 1786.

c.1990

CAPITAL of Egypt, at Thebes from 2040, moved by Amenemhet-I to newly built ITJ TOWY until 1786.

1990 PW 14 no date: TAWH 58, ae

c.1990

KHNUMHOTEP made count of Menet-Khufu by Amenemhet-I until 1980.

no date: BHoE 161-2

c.1985	AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1991-62, with 20 cedar ships, fights unknown enemy on Nile.   Drives them from Egypt.	no date: BHoE 154
c.1980	KHNUMHOTEP, count of Menet-Khufu from 1990, promoted to Nomarch of Oryx by Amenemhet-I until 1950.	no date: BHoE 162, 180
c.1974	AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1991-61, suffers assassination attempt.	no date: BHoE 177

c.1971

AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1991-62, makes son SENUSRET-I co-regent.

1974 DMoN     1971 Clay, GEoP, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, bk,frie, ktut, pic, scar, tig, wikP     1963 nar

c.1970

AMENEMHET-I: "I grew corn.  I loved Neper the grain god.  In every valley the Nile greeted me.  None hungered.  None thirsted during my reign."

2000 SHT 1-537

c.1968

AMENEMHET-I makes 1st recorded 12th Dyn campaign into Nubia.

yr 23 1968 Grim 161

c.1962

SENUSRET, son of pharaoh Amenemhet-I, penetrates WAWAT as far as Korosko, for conquest and colonization, but mostly for raw materials, especially gold.  He takes prisoners as far as Mazol land and founds fortresses at Semna and Quban at 2nd Cataract.

Amenemhet yr 29BHoE 178, Grim 161, Shaw 148,nar, toureg

c.1962

Photo by Jon Bodsworth AMENEMHET-I, 1st pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1991, murdered by nobles while son, Senusret isfighting in Libya.  Entombed in a pyramid at Lisht made of limestone blocks taken from Old-Kingdom monuments.

1964 DMoN     1962 AYGC 62, B76 17-933, MCAW 20, Clay, Grim, FHBC 209, GEoP, lveg, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, WCBOT, ae, frie, ktut,pic, resh, scar, tig, toureg, wikP 1956 Shaw, phou     1953 nar

c.1962

SENUSRET, son of Amenemhet-I, in Libya, learns of father's murder, tells no one.

1970 BHoE 179 1964 DMoN 58

c.1962

SINUHE, noble under Senusret in Libya, overhears conversation about murder of Amenemhet-I by tent of Senusret.  Fears implication.  Flees. V

1970 BHoE 179 1964 DMoN 58

c.1962	SENUSRET, son of Amenemhet-I, in Libya, departs by night to residence at Itjtowe, assumes throne as SENUSRET-I until 1928.	1970 BHoE 179     1964 DMoN 1962 Grim, MCAW 20, MRDK 286, resh
c.1959	SENUSRET-I rebuilds temple of Atum-Ra at Heliopolis.	yr 3 1959 Grim 164

c.1958	SENUSRET-I, 2nd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1962-28, resumes conquest of NUBIA in person.  1st campaign ever personally led by a pharaoh.  Penetrates beyond 2nd cataract, occupies as far as Buhen.	8 yrs after A-1 dies: BHoE 181 no date: DMoN
	AMENI, son of Khnumhotep, under Senusret, commands Oryx soldiers.
c.1953	MENTUHOTEP, general under Senusret-I in Nubia, dispatched south.	1953 BHoE 181 yr 10 Shaw 149

c.1950

Λ SINUHE, Egyptian fugitive, goes to Aram.

1950 MCAW 21

c.1950	KHNUMHOTEP, nomark of Oryx from 1980, dies.	no date: BHoE 162, 180
	Sons promoted by Senusret: NAKHT made count of Menet Khufu. AMENI made nomarch of Oryx.
c.1950	SEMITES in Egypt portrayed in Beni-Hassan inscription tomb painting of Khnumhotep-II.	2000 WCBOT 20

c.1950	NUBIA, independent from ?, conquered by general Mentuhotep.  Under Egypt until 1913.	1950 TTPC no date: BHoE 17, 166, 181
	General MENTUHOTEP erects so many boastful monuments that Senusret gets nervous and dismisses him.
	One large stele north of 2nd cataract now extant.

c.1950

SINUHE AUTOBIOGRAPHY describes travels thru Aram etc. and penitential return to Pharaoh Senusret-I.   Shows that pharaoh is regarded as a god.

1950 MCAW 21

c.1950

POTTER'S WHEEL V, in Uruk from 2000:  Evidence of pivoted disks appears in Egypt.  Foot wheels also in Greece, and Crete.

2000 SHT 1-203     1950 MCAW 21 1800 SHT 1-200

c.1949

AMENI, nomarch of Oryx 1950-?, with prince Amenemhet + 400 men, dispatched to consolidate NUBIA and mine gold.

no date: BHoE 181

c.1932	SENUSRET-I erects 2 obelisks (each weighing 121 tons) in front of temple pylon at Heliopolis.  1 still stands.	yr 30 Clay 81, Grim 164 1932 Grim 164
c.1931	SENUSRET-I sends 2 expeditions to alabaster quarries at HATNUB in eastern desert.	yr 31 1931 Grim 165

c.1929	SENUSRET-I, 2nd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1962-28, makes son AMENEMHET-II co-regent.	1932 DMoN 1929 Clay, GEoP, JIAE, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, frie, ktut, pic, scar,tig, wikP 1928 Grim 3 yrs before death: BHoE 182
c.1928	Photo by Jon Bodsworth SENUSRET-I, 2nd pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1962, dies.  Entombed in a pyramid at Lisht. Son AMENEMHET-II sole rule until 1895.	1935 BHoE 182     1929 DMoN 1928 FHBC 209, GEoP, Grim, FHBC 209, JIAE, lveg, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, WCBOT, frie, pic 1926 Clay, ae, bk, ktut, scar, tig, wikP 1916 nar    1911 Shaw, phou, toureg

c.1913	NUBIA, under Egypt from 1950, goes independent until 1903.  War with Egypt until 1903.	1913 wik20
c.1903	EGYPT / NUBIA war from 1913, ends.  Nubia under Egypt until 1829.	1903 wik20

c.1900

AMENEMHET-II, 3rd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1928-1895, resumes trade with PUNT (unknown location to southeast).

yr 28 Clay 82 no date: BHoE 182

c.1900	CANAANITES arriving with pack-assess carrying tribute and children depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan.	1900 SHT 1-706
c.1900	PLOW drawn by two oxen depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan.	1900 SHT 1-73

c.1900

A GREYHOUND and a mongrel dog depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan.

1900 SHT 1-330-31

c.1900

INCENSE BURNER depicted at tombs at Beni-Hasan.

1900 SHT 1-298

c.1900

DRIED FOODS:  A tomb painting portrays making and storing rasins.  Another shows ox meat being hung up to dry.  Another - gutted fish hung on a boat mast.  Netting and curing of sea fish and fowl is shown at Sakkara and Beni-Hasan.

1900 SHT 1-263-5

c.1900

RA, dominant god in Egypt from 2490, at apex during 12th Dyn, becomes so dominant that priests of other gods discover that their own local deity is really RA by a different form or name.

no date: BHoE 170

c.1900

EXECRATION TEXTS written in Egyptian:  Names of potential rebels inscribed on vases include 30 Aramo-Canaanite names.

1925-1875 WBANE 55 1850 IDB 1-252, 4-303 1800 IDB 1-328

c.1897

AMENEMHET-II, 3rd pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1928-1895, makes son SENUSRET-II co-regent.

1900 DNoN     1897 Clay, GEoP, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, ae, frie, ktut,lveg, pic, scar, tig, wikP     1895 Grim 1877 Shaw, phou, toureg 3 years before death: BHoE 182

c.1895

Photo by Franck Monnier AMENEMHET-II, 3rd pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1928, murdered by guard.  Entombed in a white limestone pyramid at Dahshur, where stone thieves will steal its casing, leaving the sandstone to erode to shallow humps. Son SENUSRET-II sole rule until 1878.

1903 BHoE 182     1897 MCAW 20,wik19     1896 DMoN 1895 Clay, FHBC 209, GEoP, JIAE,lveg, MCAW, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, WCBOT, frie, ktut, pic, scar, tig, wikP 1877 Shaw, phou, toureg   1885 nar

c.1891	KHNUMHOTEP-III (not a pharaoh) dies.   37 Aramo-Canaanites are portrayed on his tomb at Beni Hasan.	Senusret-II yr 6wikBeniHasan
c.1890	FAYUM depression converted to farmland under Senusret-II.	1842-36 4nel

c.1878	SENUSRET-II, 4th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1895-78, makes son SENUSRET-III co-regent.	1881 DMoN 1878 B76 6-470, Clay, GEoP, Grim, JIAE, MCAW 20, MRDK, Murn, ae,frie, ktut, pic, resh, tig, scar, wikP
c.1878	SENUSRET-II, 4th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1895, dies.  Entombed in a burial chamber at Al Lahun. Son SENUSRET-III sole rule until 1843.	1880 DMoN     1879 frie 1878 Clay, FHBC 209, JIAE, MRDK, Murn, Sdl 1-24, bk, lveg, wik19 1877 MCAW 23, GEoP, RAI2 1870 Shaw, toureg, phou

c.1872

Confirmed as 7th year of SENUSRET-III by three records of helical risings of Sirius between 2770 and 1314.

1872 B76 6-462

c.1869	SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, prepares for consolidation of south by reopening canals cut in 2307.   Clears out channel at 1st cataract.	1850 MCAW 21 yr 8 Clay 85, DMoN 60, BHoE 183-4 no date: BHoE 183-4
c.1869	A stele at Semna forbids Nubians to take boats or herds north of that location.	yr 8 BHoE 184, DMoN 61, Shaw 155

c.1869

SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, sails war ships into NUBIA. Sets up forts, Semna & Kummeh south of 2nd cataract as his southern border. Puts temple to Dedwen, god of Nubia, in fortress Semna.

yr 8 BHoE 184, DMoN 60, Grim 168

c.1867

SENUSRET-III, minor Nubian campaign.

yr 10 DMoN 61, Grim 168

c.1861

SENUSRET-III's engineers cut channel through cliffs of the 1st cataract of the Nile so Egyptian war ships may pass through.

1850 MCAW 21

c.1861	SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, extensive campaign against NUBIA.  Sets up victory stele at Semna.	yr 16 BHoE 186, DMoN 61, Grim 168
c.1858	SENUSRET-III personally leads campaign against NUBIA.  Burns crops, takes cattle.	yr 19 BHoE 186, DNoN 61, Shaw 155

c.1858/7

SENUSRET-III, having built a pyramid complex at Dahshur, now begins an elaborate subterranean tomb complex at Abydos, possibly because of his loyalty to the cult of Osiris.

yr 20 or 19 eulr

c.1850

SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1877-43, invades RETENU (Egyptian name for Levant) (a first for any pharaoh) to a place called Sekmem (Shechem?).  Plunders and returns.

1850 MCAW 20     1818 Wiki no date: BHoE 187

c.1850

{{PD-US}} MATH V:  MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL PAPYRUS:  15' x 3", contains 25 math problems which were already old at this time.  Contains practical approximations for measuring, rather than actual mathematical knowledge.  Approximates the surface area of a hemispherical basket.  Computes the length of a ship's mast given that it is 1/3 + 1/5 of the length of a cedar log originally 30 cubits long.  Pi is approximated at 256/81, which is about 0.5% low. (See Mesopotamia 2000)

2000 BHM 19, EIHM 39, wikMMP 1900 B76 11-640 1850 IDB 3-561,lsned 1800 ldkn 1750-01 TTS

c.1850

ASTRONOMICAL V  INSTRUMENT:  oldest extant, combination plumb line and sighting rod. Presently in Berlin museum.

1850 EIHM 39

c.1843

SENUSRET-III, 5th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1877, dies.  Though he had built a pyramid complex at Dahshur, he is entombed in his more recent subterranean tomb complex at Abydos. 1st son AMENEMHET-III succeeds 1842-1797.

1843 BHoE, MCAW 20, GEoP, JIAE, MRDK, RAI2, WCBOT, frie 1842 FHBC 209, Grim, lveg, pic 1841 Clay, Murn, Sdl 1-24, ae, resh,scar, tig     1840 DMoN, bk, nar 1839 ktut, wik19     1831 Shaw, phou 1817 toureg

c.1842

AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, exploits copper and turquois of Sinai from now to the end of his reign. (For copper, see Canaan 2000, Britain 1950, Sumerian cubit 1950, Asia 1800, Ganges Valley 1800, Sinai 1750)

1842 MCAW 21 yr 2 Clay 88

c.1829

NUBIA, under Egypt from 1903, at war until 1818.

1829 wik19

c.1820	AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, creates (or improves) artificial lake of MOERIS in the Fayum, helping to controlNile flooding.	1820 MCAW 21
c.1820	Vast irrigation system created by AMENEMHET-III.	no date: TTPC 6
c.1818	EGYPT / NUBIA war from 1829 ends.	1818 wik19

c.1800

HYKSOS, Semites of unknown origin (possibly Amalekites), enter Egypt during 11th Dynasty, but remain obscure until ?. c.1750

1800 wikHk

c.1800

BERLIN PAPYRUS:  written in hieratic by a Middle Kingdom scribe. Λ MATH V:  Discusses fractions.  Contains 2 problems in simultaneous equations, one of which is 2nd degree: 1. You are told the area of a square of 100 square cubits is equal to that of two smaller squares, the side of one square is ½ + ¼ of the other.  What are the sides of the two unknown squares. 2. You are told the area of a square of 400 square cubits is equal to that of two smaller squares, the side of one square is ½ + ¼ of the other.  What are the sides of the two unknown squares. (See Plimpton 1800, multiplication 1775) ANATOMY V:  Also has a pregnancy test. Found at Saqqara.

1800mthbf,plnmth

c.1800

{{PD-US}} KAHUN GYNECOLOGICAL PAPYRUS:  Oldest known MEDICAL V text on papyrus.  35 paragraphs relating to women's health, fertility, pregnancy, and Λ contraception.  Each deals with a specific problem and contains diagnosis and treatment.  No prognosis is suggested.  Treatments are non surgical:  applying medicines to the affected body part or swallowing them.  Womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts. (See 1975 physicians, physicians)

1800hstnf,wikEMP

c.1800

ALPHABET:  1st pure alphabets mapping single symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarily each phoneme to a symbol developed by Semitic workers in Egypt. (See Arabia 2000 Mesopotamia 2000, Crete-Hyro 1900, Linear-A 1650 )

1800wikHW

c.1798

AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, completes reservoir at Sarbut el-Khadem in Sinai, and wall at El Kab.

yr 44 BHoE 208

c.1798

AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn 1842-1797, makes AMENEMHET-IV co-regent.

1815 ktut, wikP       1799 ae, tig 1798 Clay, DMoN, GEoP, JIAE, lveg, MRDK, Murn, RAI2, frie, scar

Pyramid at Dahshur

Photo by Jon Bodsworth

pub dom

Pyramid at Hawara

c.1797

AMENEMHET-III, 6th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1842, dies.  Though he had started a pyramid on unstable subsoil at Dahshur, he is entombed in his 2nd pyramid at Hawara, made of sun dried bricks covered with limestone which will all be stolen by Roman times.  Middle Kingdom begins decline when lowly AMENEMHET-IV begins sole rule until 1790.

1815 wikP     1814 ktut     1799 bk 1797 MCAW 24, Clay, DMoN, FHBC 209, GEoP, Grim, JIAE, lveg, Murn, RAI2, WCBOT, ae, frie, scar, tig 1796 resh     1794 pic     1793 nar 1786 Shaw, phou     1772 toureg

c.1790

AMENEMHET-IV, 7th pharaoh of 12th Dyn from 1797, dies without a male heir.  Entombed in an unfinished tomb at Beni Hassan. Queen SEBEKNEFRU, dau of Amenemhet-III, succeeds 1789-86.

1807 wikP     1806 ktut, wikAm4 1790 MCAW 24, FHBC 209, GEoP, Grim, JIAE, WCBOT, resh 1789 lveg     1788 pic     1787 ae 1786 Clay, Murn, scar, tig 1785 DMoN     1782 nar 1777 Shaw, phou    1763 toureg

c.1786

SEBEKNEFRU, Queen of 12th Dyn from 1790, ends.  Probably married pharaoh of 13th Dyn, who is not recognized in Thebes.

1803 wikP     1802 ktut     1786 GEoP, JIAE, lveg, MRDK, RAI2, WCBOT, resh     1784 pic    1783 ae     1782 Clay, Murn,scar, tig     1781 DMoN     1778 nar 1773 Shaw, phou     1759 toureg

c.1786	12th Dynasty from 1991 ends.   Vizir preserves continuity of power. MIDDLE KINGDOM from 2040 ends.   (Some sources end it after the 13th Dynasty.)	1792 IDB 2-667, phou 1788 BHoE 17 1786 B76 6-469, 11-896, CAH 1.2, CWH, lveg, MCAW 24, WCBOT, WPOT 86 1785 FHBC 209, 213, RAH 1783 PW 14     1780 SOTS 25 1778 Sdl 1-23     1776 FLAP 81
	13th Dynasty begins in Memphis until 1674, ends 1650. Rival 14th Dynasty begins at Xois (aka Sais) until 1650.  About 76 unrelated kings.
	Capital of Egypt, at  ITJ TOWY from 1990, moved to MEMPHIS until 1674.

2nd INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
V